Tartu Ülikooli teadlaste uuringust selgus SARS-CoV-2 antikehade püsivus
Tartu Ülikooli meditsiiniteadlased avaldasid esimesed Eesti andmed koroonaviiruse antikehade püsivuse kohta pärast asümptomaatilist või kergekujulist haiguse põdemist – 80 protsendil uuritavatest olid antikehad ka kaheksa kuud hiljem.
Koroonaviiruse antikehade püsivust vaadeldi SARS-CoV-2 serolevimusuuringu KoroSero-EST-1 järeluuringuna. Sellesse kaasati Saaremaalt Kuressaare ja Tallinnast Järveotsa perearstikeskuse patsiendid, kellel olid maist kuni juulini 2020 koroonaviiruse antikehad organismis olemas. Novembris 2020 uuriti neid patsiente taas.
KoroSero-EST-1 uuringust nähtus, et 80 protsendil antikehadega inimestel ehk seropositiivsetel ei olnud haigussümptomeid ja 56 protsendil neist ei olnud teadaolevalt Covid-19-haigega kokku puutunud. Vaid 20 protsenti antikehadega inimestest tõdes, et neil on olnud mõni koroonaviiruse sümptom, näiteks kõrge palavik, nohu, iiveldus, kurguvalu, kõhulahtisus või valu rinnus.
Tartu Ülikooli teadlaste hinnangul moodustavad asümptomaatilised inimesed SARS-CoV-2 nakkuse ja selle leviku mõistmise seisukohalt olulise rühma, kuna seni on ebaselge, miks kulgeb nakatumine osal isikutel märkamatult. Seetõttu on vaja uurida, kas asümptomaatilistel isikutel on kujunenud immuunmälu antikehade ja T-rakulise immuunsuse suhtes, ning võrrelda seda kergelt ja raskelt Covid-19 põdenud haigetega.
Antikehade püsivus
KoroSero-EST-1 järeluuringus vaatlesid teadlased antikehade püsivust inimestel, kes olid Covid-19 põdenud asümptomaatiliselt või kergekujuliselt. Uuringu esmased andmed näitasid, et läbipõdemise järel püsisid SARS-CoV-2 antikehad umbes 80 protsendil uuritavatest vähemalt kaheksa kuud. Ka viirust neutraliseerivate antikehade levimus oli sarnane. Pikemaajalisi andmeid praegu veel ei ole.
Nende tulemuste toel on saadud teada, et ka kergelt või asümptomaatiliselt haigust põdenud inimestel kujuneb koroonaviiruse vastane immuunsus. «Praegu ei ole alust arvata, et kergelt Covid-19 põdenutel kaoks immuunsus kiiremini kui haigust väga raskelt põdenud inimestel,» rääkis KoroSero-EST-1 järeluuringu juht, Tartu Ülikooli lastenakkushaiguste lektor ja Tartu Ülikooli Kliinikumi pediaatria eriala arst-õppejõud Piia Jõgi.
Immuunsuse kujunemist ja seda, miks 20 protsendil uuritavatest antikehad ei püsi või püsivad vähem aega, alles uuritakse. Jõgi tõdes, et immuunsuse kujunemine sõltub mitmest tegurist: «Olemas on n-ö antikehade tagatud immuunsus, mida me siiani uurinud oleme. Praegu käivad sama uuringu raames aga teist tüüpi ehk rakulise immuunsuse uuringud.»
Järgmise sammuna võtavadki teadlased kokku rakulise immuunsuse ja põletikumarkerite uuringute tulemused, mis võiksid anda rohkem teavet nii immuunsuse püsimisest kui ka põhjustest, miks mõni inimene põeb Covid-19 haigust raskelt, teised aga kergelt või asümptomaatiliselt.
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